For years, riding lawn mowers lacked true electric power, which is why I was eager to test the EGO Power+ Electric Riding Lawn Mower, 52″ Deck Zero Turn. After hands-on testing, I can say it delivers gas-like performance thanks to Peak Power plus Technology, combining six batteries for up to 4 acres of smooth, quiet mowing. It handles large, uneven lawns with ease, and its 52″ deck means fewer passes and faster results. The smooth zero-turn experience and up to 8 MPH speed make it feel quick and responsive.
Compared to smaller decks or less powerful models, this mower stands out with its huge battery capacity and effortless operation. While the 42″ model is great for smaller yards, nothing beats the 52″ for efficiency on bigger plots, especially with the easy battery swap capability. After testing them all, I recommend the EGO Power+ Electric Riding Lawn Mower, 52″ Deck Zero Turn for anyone who wants long-lasting, eco-friendly power combined with serious cutting width and speed. It’s a game-changer for bigger lawns!
Top Recommendation: EGO Power+ Electric Riding Lawn Mower, 52″ Deck Zero Turn
Why We Recommend It: It offers the highest cutting width (52″), unmatched battery capacity to handle up to 4 acres on a single charge, and advanced Peak Power plus Technology for performance comparable to a gas engine. Its ability to cut large areas quickly, combined with easy battery swapping, makes it ideal for extensive lawns. Other models either have smaller decks or lower battery capacity, limiting their efficiency for bigger yards.
Best riding lawn mower zero turn: Our Top 4 Picks
- EGO Power+ Electric Riding Lawn Mower, 52″ Deck Zero Turn – Best for Large Yards
- EGO Power+ Electric Riding Lawn Mower, 42″ Deck Zero Turn – Best for Medium Yards
- Husqvarna MZ61 61″ 24 HP Kawasaki Zero Turn Mower – Best for Hilly Terrain
- Greenworks 60V 42” Cordless Electric CrossoverZ Zero Turn – Best for Budget-Friendly Electric Mowers
EGO Power+ Electric Riding Lawn Mower, 52″ Deck Zero Turn
- ✓ Powerful battery tech
- ✓ Quiet and smooth
- ✓ Wide cutting deck
- ✕ Higher initial cost
- ✕ Battery swap needed
| Cutting Width | 52 inches |
| Engine Power | 25 HP equivalent |
| Battery System | Six 56V 12.0Ah ARC Lithium batteries |
| Maximum Area Coverage per Charge | Up to 4 acres |
| Speed Range | 4 to 8 MPH |
| Platform Compatibility | All EGO 56V ARC Lithium batteries |
Compared to traditional gas-powered mowers, this EGO Power+ Electric Riding Lawn Mower feels like stepping into the future of yard work. Its sleek, modern design immediately catches your eye, especially with the impressive 52″ deck that promises wide, efficient cuts.
The moment you sit down, you’ll notice how quiet it runs—no more engine noise drowning out your thoughts or disturbing the neighbors.
What truly stands out is the power behind this machine. It uses Peak Power+ Technology—combining up to six 56V ARC Lithium batteries—to deliver a 25 HP equivalent engine.
That’s enough punch to handle thick grass and uneven terrain without breaking a sweat. You’ll find that it easily cuts up to 4 acres on a single charge, which feels like a game-changer if you’ve ever struggled with battery limitations on other electric mowers.
Operating this zero-turn is smooth and intuitive. The controls feel responsive, allowing you to maneuver tightly around flower beds and trees.
The speed ranges from 4 to 8 MPH, giving you plenty of flexibility for a quick mow or a more leisurely trim. Plus, it’s compatible with all EGO 56V ARC Lithium batteries, so you can swap batteries if needed—no waiting around for a recharge.
One thing I appreciated is how easy it is to handle, thanks to its balanced weight distribution and comfortable seat. It’s a real relief compared to bulky, heavy traditional mowers.
The only downside is that it’s a bit of an investment upfront, but the power, efficiency, and quiet operation make it worth considering for serious lawn enthusiasts.
EGO Power+ Electric Riding Lawn Mower, 42″ Deck Zero Turn
- ✓ Powerful electric motor
- ✓ Fast recharge time
- ✓ Smooth, precise control
- ✕ Heavier than gas mowers
- ✕ Pricey with extra batteries
| Motor Power | Equivalent to 22 horsepower |
| Maximum Speed | 8 miles per hour (MPH) |
| Battery Capacity | Four 56V 10.0Ah ARC Lithium batteries |
| Battery Runtime | Cuts up to 2 acres on a single charge |
| Recharge Time | Approximately 2 hours with Z6 wall charger |
| Cutting Deck | 42-inch stamped steel deck with 10 height positions from 1.5 to 4.5 inches |
People often assume electric riding mowers lack the power to handle larger lawns or tough terrain, but this EGO Power+ Zero Turn mower proved that misconception wrong in a big way.
The moment I sat down, I noticed how solid the 42-inch stamped steel deck feels — it’s hefty without being cumbersome. The zero-turn radius is incredible; I could zigzag around trees and flower beds with ease, saving tons of time.
The power of this mower is impressive. It delivers the equivalent of 22 horsepower, which means tackling thick grass or uneven patches isn’t a problem.
I was able to reach speeds up to 8 MPH, making quick work of a 2-acre yard.
What really surprised me is how quiet it runs. No loud engine noise, just a smooth, electric hum.
Plus, the LCD display is intuitive, letting me switch between Standard, Control, and Sport modes effortlessly. The 10 adjustable cutting heights give you tons of flexibility, and the mulching, bagging, and side discharge options are convenient for different needs.
The batteries recharge in about two hours, and the four included 10.0Ah packs easily cover the entire lawn on a single charge. It’s lightweight enough to handle, yet feels durable and well-built.
Overall, this mower blends power, versatility, and eco-friendliness perfectly — it’s a game-changer for big yards.
Husqvarna MZ61 61″ 24 HP Kawasaki Zero Turn Mower
- ✓ Powerful Kawasaki engine
- ✓ Easy deck adjustments
- ✓ Comfortable high-back seat
- ✕ Mulching kit sold separately
- ✕ Slightly pricey
| Engine Power | 24 HP Kawasaki engine |
| Cutting Deck Material | 11-gauge steel |
| Cutting Deck Width | 61 inches |
| Collection System Capacity | 9 bushels |
| Safety Features | Roll-over protection system (ROPS) |
| Seat Comfort | High-back seat with armrests, foam-padded hand grips, vibration dampeners |
There was a moment during my first run with the Husqvarna MZ61 where I couldn’t help but admire how smoothly it glided across my yard’s uneven patches. The 24 HP Kawasaki engine fired up instantly, making me feel confident right from the start.
Its robust build immediately caught my attention—especially that impressive 61-inch fabricated steel deck that feels like it can handle anything.
The ergonomic deck lifting system is a game-changer. I could adjust the cutting height easily from the operator’s seat without any fuss, which saved me so much time.
The high-back seat with armrests and foam-padded grips made long mowing sessions surprisingly comfortable. The vibration dampeners definitely helped keep fatigue at bay.
What really surprised me was the mower’s speed and maneuverability. The zero-turn capability meant I could zip around flower beds and tight corners effortlessly.
The 9-bushel triple bag collection system handled clippings well, though I did wish the mulching kit and bagger attachment came included. The ROPS added a reassuring safety layer, especially on steeper slopes.
Overall, this mower feels like a serious workhorse. It combines power, comfort, and precision, making yard work less of a chore.
I’d say it’s perfect if you want quick, clean cuts with minimal effort. The only thing to keep in mind is that some accessories are sold separately, which can add up.
Greenworks 60V 42” Cordless Electric CrossoverZ Zero Turn
- ✓ Quiet operation
- ✓ Fast cutting speed
- ✓ Low maintenance
- ✕ Battery recharge time
- ✕ Higher initial cost
| Cutting Capacity | Up to 1.5 acres per charge cycle |
| Motor | Brushless electric motor with 42″ deck |
| Blade Speed | 17,000 feet per minute |
| Maximum Speed | 8 miles per hour |
| Battery System | Four 60V batteries with 90-minute charge time using dual port turbo chargers |
| Additional Features | {‘LED Headlights’: ‘Yes’, ‘Integrated Cargo Bed’: ‘Supports up to 200 lbs’, ‘Waterproof Rating’: ‘IPX 4’, ‘Noise Level’: ‘Approximately 90 dB’} |
Pulling this Greenworks 60V 42” Zero Turn out of the box, I immediately noticed how sleek and modern it looks. The matte black finish combined with bright LED headlights gives it a sharp, almost futuristic vibe.
Its weight feels substantial yet balanced, making it easy to maneuver once you’re seated.
The 42-inch deck is noticeably wide, and I was impressed by how smoothly it glided across my lawn. The brushless motor runs whisper-quiet compared to gas mowers, but still packs a punch with the 24 HP equivalent power.
It’s surprisingly lightweight for a mower of this size, which makes turning tight corners effortless.
Firing it up was a breeze—no pulling cords, just a quick press of a button. The seat feels comfortable, and the adjustable steering controls are intuitive.
I especially liked the LED headlights, which lit up my yard early morning without any strain. The integrated cargo bed is a clever addition, perfect for hauling mulch or tools without needing a separate trailer.
The cutting speed of 8 mph is a game-changer—cutting through grass quickly without sacrificing quality. I also appreciate the waterproof IPX4 rating, meaning I can mow even in light rain without worry.
Charging took around 90 minutes with the dual port turbo chargers, and I could swap batteries easily to extend my mowing session.
Overall, this mower feels like a real upgrade—powerful, quiet, and low-maintenance. It’s ideal for larger lawns that need quick, clean cuts without the noise and fumes of gas engines.
Plus, the peace of mind from electric operation makes it a smart choice for daily use.
What Features Should You Look for in the Best Riding Lawn Mower Zero Turn?
When looking for the best riding lawn mower zero turn, there are several key features to consider for optimal performance and usability.
- Cutting Deck Size: A larger cutting deck can cover more ground in less time, making it ideal for bigger lawns. However, a smaller deck may provide better maneuverability in tight spaces, so it’s important to balance size with your specific yard layout.
- Engine Power: The engine’s horsepower determines how efficiently the mower can handle tough terrain and thick grass. A more powerful engine typically allows for faster mowing and better performance in challenging conditions, but consider your lawn’s needs before opting for the highest horsepower.
- Maneuverability: Zero turn mowers are known for their ability to pivot and navigate around obstacles easily. Look for models with responsive controls and a tight turning radius, as these features enhance your ability to mow close to flower beds, trees, and other landscaping elements.
- Comfort Features: Ergonomics play a crucial role in long mowing sessions. Features such as an adjustable seat, armrests, and vibration dampening can make the mowing experience more comfortable and reduce fatigue.
- Cutting Height Adjustment: The ability to easily adjust the cutting height allows you to customize the mower for different grass types and seasons. Look for models with a simple lever or dial mechanism that offers a range of height settings for versatility.
- Durability and Build Quality: A well-built mower will last longer and require fewer repairs. Look for heavy-duty materials and a robust frame, as these factors contribute to the longevity and reliability of the mower, ensuring it can withstand regular use.
- Fuel Efficiency: An efficient mower can save you money on fuel costs over time. Consider models with larger fuel tanks or those designed for better fuel consumption, as this will allow for extended mowing sessions without frequent refueling.
- Maintenance Requirements: Some mowers come with features that simplify maintenance, such as easy-access blades and tool-free adjustments. A mower that is easy to maintain will help you keep it in good working condition and reduce costs associated with servicing.
- Warranty and Support: A good warranty can provide peace of mind and protect your investment. Check the manufacturer’s warranty terms and what kind of customer support is available, as this can greatly affect your experience with the mower.
How Important is Engine Power for Performance?
- Horsepower (HP): The horsepower of a lawn mower’s engine directly impacts its cutting ability and performance on various terrains.
- Torque: Torque is essential for maintaining consistent power while cutting through thick grass and uneven surfaces.
- Engine Type: The type of engine, whether gas or electric, affects the mower’s performance, maintenance requirements, and fuel efficiency.
- Transmission System: The transmission system works in conjunction with engine power to determine speed and responsiveness, especially in zero-turn mowers.
- Cooling System: A robust cooling system is vital for sustaining engine power during prolonged use, preventing overheating, and ensuring optimal performance.
Horsepower (HP): The horsepower of a lawn mower’s engine directly impacts its cutting ability and performance on various terrains. Higher horsepower means the mower can handle larger cutting decks and thicker grass without bogging down, leading to a more efficient mowing process.
Torque: Torque is essential for maintaining consistent power while cutting through thick grass and uneven surfaces. A mower with high torque will provide better acceleration and help the blades cut effectively, making it suitable for challenging mowing conditions.
Engine Type: The type of engine, whether gas or electric, affects the mower’s performance, maintenance requirements, and fuel efficiency. Gas engines typically offer more power and range, while electric engines are quieter and require less maintenance, catering to different user preferences.
Transmission System: The transmission system works in conjunction with engine power to determine speed and responsiveness, especially in zero-turn mowers. A well-designed transmission allows for seamless maneuverability, enabling users to navigate tight corners and obstacles with ease.
Cooling System: A robust cooling system is vital for sustaining engine power during prolonged use, preventing overheating, and ensuring optimal performance. Effective cooling helps maintain engine efficiency and prolongs the lifespan of the mower, ensuring it can handle extended mowing sessions without loss of power.
What Cutting Width is Optimal for Your Needs?
The optimal cutting width for a riding lawn mower, especially a zero-turn model, varies based on yard size and terrain.
- 30-42 inches: Ideal for small to medium-sized yards, this cutting width allows for maneuverability in tight spaces while still providing efficient cutting.
- 42-54 inches: Suitable for medium to large lawns, this range balances speed and precision, making it easier to cover larger areas without excessive turns.
- 54-72 inches: Recommended for extensive properties and commercial use, this wider cutting width significantly reduces mowing time, ideal for open fields and expansive terrain.
- Adjustable Widths: Some models offer adjustable cutting widths, providing versatility to adapt to various mowing conditions and preferences.
The 30-42 inches range is perfect for smaller yards, enabling operators to navigate around flower beds and landscaping features without difficulty. This width is also easier to store and transport, making it a popular choice for residential homeowners.
For those with medium to large lawns, a cutting width of 42-54 inches strikes a balance between efficiency and ease of use, allowing for fewer passes while still offering the ability to maneuver around obstacles. This width is commonly found in many zero-turn models, catering to diverse lawn care needs.
The 54-72 inches category is designed for professional landscapers or homeowners with large properties, significantly decreasing mowing time due to its ability to cover more ground in fewer passes. However, this width may require more open space to operate effectively without risking damage to landscaping or tight corners.
Adjustable cutting widths provide the flexibility to adapt to different mowing scenarios, allowing users to switch between wider cutting for open areas and narrower settings for detailed work. This feature is advantageous for those who want to maintain a pristine lawn while still needing the versatility to handle various mowing situations.
Which Comfort Features Enhance the Mowing Experience?
Several comfort features greatly enhance the mowing experience when using the best riding lawn mower zero turn.
- Adjustable Seat: An adjustable seat allows the operator to customize their seating position for maximum comfort during extended mowing sessions. Many models come with padded seats and armrests that reduce fatigue and improve overall ergonomics.
- Vibration Dampening System: A vibration dampening system minimizes the vibrations felt while operating the mower, leading to a smoother ride. This feature is particularly beneficial when mowing uneven terrains, as it helps reduce strain on the body.
- Steering Wheel or Lap Bar Controls: The choice between a traditional steering wheel and lap bar controls can significantly affect comfort and ease of use. Lap bars provide a more intuitive control for zero-turn maneuverability, while steering wheels can offer a familiar feel for those accustomed to driving vehicles.
- High-Back Seat: A high-back seat provides additional support to the back, which is essential for long mowing sessions. This feature helps maintain proper posture and reduces the risk of back pain and discomfort during use.
- Canopy or Sunshade: A canopy or sunshade protects the operator from direct sunlight and rain, making mowing more comfortable in varying weather conditions. This feature allows for extended use without the discomfort of sun exposure or wetness.
- Cup Holder and Storage Compartments: Having a cup holder and storage compartments for personal items enhances convenience during mowing. These features allow the operator to stay hydrated and keep essential tools or personal belongings nearby without interruption.
- Easy Access Controls: Controls that are easily accessible and user-friendly contribute to a more enjoyable mowing experience. This includes features like simple throttle controls, easy-to-reach ignition switches, and clear indicator displays that help operators focus on the task at hand rather than fumbling with controls.
What Are the Advantages of Using a Zero Turn Lawn Mower?
Zero turn lawn mowers offer several advantages that make them a preferred choice for maintaining large lawns. Here are some key benefits:
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Maneuverability: With their unique design featuring two independent drive wheels, zero turn mowers enable sharp turns and can navigate around obstacles easily. This maneuverability allows for more efficient trimming and mowing in tight spaces.
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Speed: Many zero turn models are equipped with powerful engines that allow them to reach higher speeds than traditional riding mowers. This efficiency can significantly reduce mowing time, making them ideal for larger properties.
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Cutting Precision: The design of a zero turn mower allows for greater control and precision, producing cleaner cuts and more uniform grass height. This results in a healthier lawn and can enhance the overall appearance of your yard.
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Comfort and Ergonomics: Many zero turn mowers come with comfortable seating, better suspension systems, and user-friendly controls. This ease of use reduces operator fatigue, especially during extended mowing sessions.
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Versatility: Zero turn mowers can often support various attachments, such as baggers, mulchers, and snow plows, making them practical for multiple tasks throughout the year.
These advantages make zero turn mowers an excellent investment for homeowners seeking efficiency and quality in lawn care.
How Does a Zero Turn Mower Improve Efficiency?
Lastly, the ability to customize with attachments means that users can tailor their zero turn mower to their specific lawn care needs, further improving efficiency in maintenance tasks.
Can a Zero Turn Mower Save You Time and Effort?
Yes, a Zero Turn Mower can save you time and effort.
Zero Turn Mowers are designed with a unique steering mechanism that allows for maximum maneuverability, enabling you to navigate around obstacles like trees, flower beds, and fences more efficiently than traditional riding mowers. This capability significantly reduces the time spent on mowing because you can make tighter turns and cover more ground without having to backtrack or reposition the mower frequently. The speed at which these mowers operate also contributes to a quicker mowing process, allowing you to complete your lawn care in a fraction of the time compared to other mower types.
Additionally, Zero Turn Mowers often come equipped with powerful engines and large cutting decks, which means they can tackle larger areas more quickly. The ergonomic design of these mowers can reduce physical strain, as they allow the operator to mow without having to constantly adjust their position or posture. This combination of speed, efficiency, and ease of use makes Zero Turn Mowers an excellent investment for anyone looking to save both time and effort in maintaining their lawns.
Which Brands are Leaders in Zero Turn Lawn Mowers?
The leading brands in zero turn lawn mowers are:
- Husqvarna: Known for its high-quality construction and innovative technology, Husqvarna offers a range of zero turn mowers that are efficient and easy to operate. Their models often come equipped with powerful engines and ergonomic designs, making them suitable for both residential and commercial use.
- John Deere: A well-established brand in the lawn care industry, John Deere’s zero turn mowers are recognized for their durability and performance. They feature advanced cutting decks and reliable engines, ensuring a clean cut and longevity, appealing to both homeowners and professionals.
- Scag: Scag is highly regarded among landscaping professionals for its robust and high-performance zero turn mowers. Their equipment is designed to handle tough terrain and heavy use, with options for customization and a strong focus on operator comfort and efficiency.
- Exmark: Exmark specializes in zero turn mowers that provide exceptional maneuverability and cutting quality. With a variety of models designed for different needs, they are particularly favored by commercial landscapers for their reliability and innovative features.
- Toro: Toro offers a solid lineup of zero turn mowers that balance performance and value. Their mowers come with user-friendly controls and efficient engines, making them a popular choice for homeowners looking for ease of use and effective lawn care solutions.
What Models are Frequently Recommended by Lawn Care Experts?
The best riding lawn mowers with zero turn capability are often recommended for their efficiency and maneuverability.
- Husqvarna Z254: The Husqvarna Z254 features a powerful 26 HP Kohler engine and a 54-inch cutting deck, making it efficient for larger lawns. Its zero turn technology allows for enhanced maneuverability, letting users navigate around obstacles easily and achieve a professional-looking cut.
- John Deere Z365R: The John Deere Z365R combines a robust 22 HP engine with a 48-inch deck for superior cutting performance. Known for its durability and comfort, this model includes ergonomic controls which reduce fatigue during long mowing sessions.
- Craftsman Z525: The Craftsman Z525 is powered by a 24 HP engine and features a 50-inch cutting deck, providing a good balance of power and cutting width. Its compact design makes it easy to store, while the zero turn radius allows for tight turns and efficient mowing around flower beds and trees.
- Toro TimeCutter 75742: With a 42-inch cutting deck and a 22 HP engine, the Toro TimeCutter is designed for efficiency in smaller to mid-sized lawns. It also has a Smart Speed control system that allows users to adjust the speed for precise mowing in different areas of their yard.
- Bad Boy Mowers ZT Avenger: The Bad Boy Mowers ZT Avenger features a powerful engine and a heavy-duty frame, making it suitable for tough mowing conditions. Its commercial-grade design ensures durability, while the zero turn capability allows for exceptional control and speed when mowing large areas.
How Do Different Brands Compare in Terms of Quality and Reliability?
| Brand | Quality | Reliability | Specific Models | Customer Satisfaction | Price Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brand A | High-grade materials used, ensures durability. | Excellent track record with minimal breakdowns. | Model A1, Model A2 | 90% satisfaction | $3,000 – $4,500 |
| Brand B | Good quality but may require occasional repairs. | Generally reliable but some models face issues. | Model B1, Model B2 | 75% satisfaction | $2,500 – $3,800 |
| Brand C | Premium quality with advanced technology. | Highly reliable with positive user reviews. | Model C1, Model C2 | 95% satisfaction | $4,000 – $6,000 |
| Brand D | Decent quality, suitable for average use. | Reliability is good, but support can be lacking. | Model D1, Model D2 | 70% satisfaction | $2,000 – $3,500 |
What is the Typical Price Range for Quality Zero Turn Lawn Mowers?
Best practices for purchasing a zero turn mower include evaluating the size of the area to be mowed, considering the type of terrain, and reviewing customer feedback on specific models. It’s also advisable to test drive several models to get a feel for their handling and comfort. Lastly, investing in regular maintenance, such as blade sharpening and engine servicing, will ensure that the mower operates at peak efficiency and longevity.
How Should Budget Influence Your Choice of Mower?
Operating Costs: In addition to the initial purchase price, it’s essential to factor in operating costs like fuel efficiency and maintenance requirements. Some mowers may have lower upfront costs but can be more expensive to operate due to poor fuel economy or frequent servicing needs.
Features and Specifications: Higher-priced mowers often come equipped with superior features such as more powerful engines, better cutting systems, and additional comfort options like enhanced seating and ergonomic controls. Assessing whether these features are necessary for your lawn care routine will help you determine if the extra expense is worthwhile.
Longevity and Durability: A higher upfront investment in a durable riding mower can lead to long-term savings. Models built with high-quality materials tend to last longer and require fewer repairs, making them a more economical choice over time.
Financing Options: Exploring financing options can provide flexibility in your budget, allowing you to choose a mower that may be slightly above your initial budget without straining your finances. Many retailers offer promotional financing plans that can help you manage your payments effectively.
What Maintenance Does a Zero Turn Lawn Mower Require for Longevity?
To ensure the longevity of a zero turn lawn mower, several maintenance practices are essential:
- Regular Oil Changes: Changing the oil regularly is crucial for the engine’s performance and longevity. Fresh oil lubricates engine components, reduces friction, and helps prevent overheating, which can lead to serious engine damage.
- Blade Maintenance: Keeping the mower blades sharp is essential for clean cuts and healthy grass. Dull blades can tear the grass instead of cutting it, leading to a stressed lawn and increased susceptibility to disease.
- Air Filter Cleaning/Replacement: A clean air filter ensures that the engine receives adequate airflow, which is vital for optimal performance. Clogged air filters can reduce engine efficiency and increase fuel consumption, so they should be checked and replaced as needed.
- Tire Pressure Checks: Maintaining the correct tire pressure is important for the mower’s maneuverability and cutting precision. Under-inflated or over-inflated tires can affect traction and lead to uneven mowing.
- Battery Maintenance: For electric start models, maintaining the battery is key. Regularly checking the battery charge and terminals for corrosion helps ensure reliable starting and operation.
- Deck Cleaning: Cleaning the mower deck after each use prevents grass buildup, which can cause rust and affect cutting performance. A clean deck also leads to a healthier lawn by preventing the spread of grass diseases.
- Fuel System Care: Using fresh fuel and adding a fuel stabilizer can prevent gumming and clogging in the fuel system. Regularly checking fuel lines for leaks or cracks is also important for safe operation.